Since its casino closed in 2017, the Caddo Nation, an hour west of Oklahoma City, has struggled, so some Caddo leaders see only hope in the data center boom. “We’re not poor,” Bobby Gonzalez, the Caddo chairman, said. “We’re broke.”

But in Binger, Okla., home of the baseball legend (and Choctaw) Johnny Bench, Mr. Gonzalez bumped into Tracy Newkumet, a former tribal council member who felt differently about a future tied to Big Tech. She could live without a cellphone, she said as she prepared for the Caddos’ traditional turkey dance, but not without water, maybe the biggest concern for data-center development in Indian Country.

The dizzying expansion of data centers to power artificial intelligence has communities in Republican and Democratic states feeling blindsided as citizens and local governments are forced to grapple with noise, water and energy concerns. That division may be even more palpable on Native lands, where outside exploitation has a long and ugly history and where technology companies see a chance for rapid development that gets past the red tape impeding projects elsewhere.

The National Congress of American Indians wants to capitalize on the Trump administration’s A.I. Action Plan to “build, baby, build.”

“Tribal lands, which are vast, strategically located, and home to an eager American work force, are the ideal place to build the infrastructure that will power America’s A.I. dominance,” wrote Larry Wright Jr., the Congress’s executive director, to the White House last fall.

Chebon Kernell, a tribal council member for the Seminole Nation, rejected what he called “the false fruits of wealth” that conjure painful memories.

“True wealth is the well-being of our families,” he said during a tour of his family’s cemetery, an hour east of Oklahoma City. “True wealth is being able to live on this Earth Mother without fear and without having to look over one’s shoulders.”

Last fall, at the National Congress’s annual conference in Seattle, activists interrupted an A.I. panel by chanting, “You can’t drink data!” and “The biggest lie is A.I.!” Traci L. Morris, executive director of the American Indian Policy Institute at Arizona State University, was onstage and was reminded of when the federal government expanded broadband access to reservations in 2010.

“There were tribes that were like: No, we’re never going to go on the internet,” said Ms. Morris, a member of Oklahoma’s Chickasaw Nation. “Well, data centers are here, and tribes need to make a decision.”

The issues have cropped up on Indian lands nationwide. In the Pacific Northwest, the Yakama Nation went to federal court in May to block a clean energy project on a sacred site that would power a data center campus. Honor the Earth, a national Indigenous group, has kicked off a Stop Data Colonialism campaign featuring an interactive map tracking proposed data centers.

But Oklahoma, which has 38 federally recognized tribes, “is really ground zero,” Ms. Morris said.

Among the reasons tech companies find tribal lands so appealing is speed, according to the Payne Institute for Public Policy at the Colorado School of Mines. While energy projects on nontribal lands can face permitting delays of three to 10 years, projects on tribal land often proceed more quickly because tribes wield sovereign authority to handle their own regulations and permitting.

But many tribal leaders are in no rush. Mr. Kernell was in Washington, D.C., on business when his wife texted in February to see if he had noticed the very last agenda item at the next Seminole council meeting — approving a nondisclosure agreement with a data center developer.

There was “no consultation, no conversation,” Mr. Kernell said, so he hastily organized a town hall that drew dozens of opponents from inside the tribe and outside. Days later, the council, with Mr. Kernell on it, unanimously passed a data center moratorium, the first tribe to do so.

Last year, after intense opposition, the council of the Muscogee Nation, 40 miles south of Tulsa, rejected rezoning 5,570 acres from agriculture and meat processing to business for a technology park. Jordan Harmon, a Muscogee lawyer and policy specialist for the Indigenous Environmental Network, pointed to Honor the Earth’s “Stop Data Colonialism Manifesto” that is “completely anti-A.I., specifically generative A.I. developed by Big Tech.”

“That’s where the community sometimes is in conflict or butting heads with tribal leadership,” she said.

Now all eyes are on the influential Cherokees, the country’s most populous tribe, with 480,000 enrolled members, whose 7,000-square-mile reservation is almost the size of New Jersey.

Two prominent Cherokees — Gov. Kevin Stitt of Oklahoma and Markwayne Mullin, the homeland security secretary, both Republicans — are vocal data center proponents. Mr. Mullin, when he was still Oklahoma’s junior senator, called data centers a “game changer,” highlighting a Google hub in Pryor, Okla., that generates millions in tax revenue.

So far, Chuck Hoskin Jr., the principal chief of the Cherokee Nation, has been cautious, establishing a task force to study the environmental and economic impacts.

“We don’t want to be on the sidelines, but we don’t want to be bystanders,” he said. “We’re moving probably slower than some governments.”

Even that approach has its detractors. Oklahoma City, Tulsa and other municipalities have paused data center development. State Representative Brad Boles, a Cherokee member who won last month’s Republican primary for a seat on the state’s regulatory board, shepherded a bipartisan effort to insulate households and businesses from electric bill spikes caused by data centers’ energy demands.

One co-sponsor, State Representative Amanda Clinton, a Tulsa Democrat and Cherokee, called the frenzy “the new land run.” Still, she understands the appeal.

“I think Oklahoma is so strained for jobs and economic development that we will roll over too easily and give away the farm,” she said while driving around the perimeter of Project Clydesdale, a $1 billion, 500-acre data center now under construction in Tulsa County.

The Colusa Indian Community of Northern California, which has operated its own power plant and electricity grid for two decades, hopes to bridge the gap between skeptical Native Americans and outside tech giants.

“There’s a mistrust of corporate America in general, and we share that mistrust,” said Ken Ahmann, chief operating officer of Colusa Indian Energy, which just opened a Tulsa-area office. “Our charter in this space is to help act as a firewall and a negotiating partner on behalf of the tribes.”

The Colusa are now in talks with the Caddo, among other tribes, to build a power plant for a data center in Oklahoma by the end of the year.